Anything unusual in the courtroom of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, Switzerland, on May 30 last. This time the meeting was to discuss the human rights reports relating to specific countries. Apparently there is an interesting issue: about killer robots.
That day, a South African lawyer, Christof Heyns, chairperson lined up to speak. Heyns is also UN Special Rapporteur on extra-judicial execution problems, unilateral and arbitrary.
But Heyns not mention the particulars of the regime's ruthless soldier who hooked-blooded murder. It expresses is the potential for a vicious killing machine smart, or killer robots. Heyns called Lethal Autonomous Robots (Lars), or lethal autonomous robots.
Intelligent robot that is very dangerous. When activated, she can choose, and launched a direct attack on the target, and no longer need humans role. Indeed, it sounds a bit robotic Happenings dreamily. But the threat, said Heyns, became apparent. This is the first time the UN Human Rights Council meeting to listen to the potential threat of killer robots.
Heyns message in the Human Rights Council session is not to let the world growth "authorized machines killing humans." Heyns proposed UN Human Rights Council seeking a global moratorium on the development and deployment of Lars.
Lars that he do not mean like a drone technology (drones) armed U.S. are often used today, or other long range weapons. Lars smart engine actually has the ability to decide for themselves when attacked, or execute the target.
"Drone that there is still controlled man, who decides when the aircraft carried a deadly weapon. Instead, Lars equipped computer can decide for yourself who is the target," Heyns said in his presentation at the session of the Human Rights Council, which is documented in the UN's official website.
When deployed in a combat zone, Lars will bring a radical change in the philosophy of war. Humanitarian considerations can be will no longer be valid. Whoever they will be destroyed, when it was subjected by Lars.
"War without reflection is a mechanical slaughter," Heyns said. "During the taking of human life should be considered first though as little as possible. Then deployed machines allow decisions to kill human life should be resisted in the entire world," says Heyns.
Heyns, on the one hand, said that given the robot as it does not appear at this time. However, he believes there is a secret Lars manufacturing and robotic systems capable of automated attacks. The weapon was, to some extent, has been used.
Already developed
There are a number of examples of making machines that could be developed into Lars. South Korea, for example, has deployed robots surveillance and security guards.
Samsung Techwin's homemade robots deployed in the demilitarized zone, the buffer zone that separates South Korea with his enemy, North Korea. Since the 1950-1953 Korean War, the two countries are still hostile, and the conflict is only mitigated by the UN-sponsored ceasefire.
Heyns said robots capable of detecting targets via infrared sensor. "They are currently operated by humans, but have 'automatic mode'," Heyns warned.
Not only Korea, a number of states also developed a system of automatic weapons. Israeli Harpy system, for example, is designed to detect and destroy radar emitters. "In addition, the British Taranis prototype drone could find, identify, and track enemy, but can only hit the target if authorized by the command of the mission," said Heyns at the UN Human Rights Council session.
United States had already developed the robotic arms. It looks at the Phalanx weapons systems the U.S. Navy, said Heyns. Phalanx can detect, track, and launched attacks in the form of anti-ship missiles and anti-aircraft.
Even the U.S. Department of Defense was known to continue to develop drone technology, which will be made to be "smarter." Current unmanned aircraft was operated remotely by officers in the control room. His job is lurking, and fired missiles into a particular target.
Christian Enemark, security analysts from the Australian National University, believes the current combat drone will be given the ability to kill a target without the need for authorization from the operator. "Although today's drones are controlled remotely by humans, there are the interests of the U.S. military to develop drone technology so that drones can still fly even at ground controllers lost contact," Enemark said in an interview with Australian radio station ABC.
U.S. Department of Defense (Pentagon) has not denied or confirmed the allegations of Enemark. However, an expert in artificial intelligence and robotics leading from Britain, Noel Sharkey, had seen signs developed drones into the Pentagon killing machine automatically like Lars.
Products developed are X47B. It is the most advanced drones for the U.S. Navy. On 14 May, the first time the weapon was successfully launched from an aircraft carrier. According to NBC news station, the first test took place on the aircraft carrier USS George HW Bush off the coast of Virginia.
X47B is believed to be more sophisticated than other types of drones. "Research Unit at the U.S. Pentagon is developing a supersonic drone X47B-speed, and is able to maneuver with the G-force capability that could not be done by humans. Aircraft can undergo automatic gun battle anywhere on the planet," Sharkey said as quoted by The Observer .
Sharkey believes the development of unmanned combat aircraft like the X47B, killer robot is no longer just science fiction, but it is completely developed
"In America now more commonly held than the drone pilot training pilot a real plane. Which look is young children are very clever playing computer games. Now appears the effort of making a lot of robots, which may only be supervised by one person," said the professor from the University of Sheffield's.
In addition, the difference with the other drones, the X47B can roam alone, without the need for remote control.
According to the Daily Mail, the aircraft was equipped device called the Control Display Unit (CDU), which sends commands to the computer on the plane. The device is capable of using artificial intelligence (AI) to think for themselves, including determining the direction of flight.
Indeed, for the execution of the shooting, or set goals, X47B will still be controlled by a remote operator. But Northrop Grumman-made drone that can navigate themselves prepared with technologies such as GPS, autopilot, and anti-radar.
The X47B sophistication led to many criticisms. The use of AI technology in military weapons systems on the drone feared paved the way for the development of automated robotic killer.
Among U.S. Navy officials dismissed the concerns. He said it was still controlled drone to human intelligence tasks, reconnaissance, and targeting.
Although not yet developed smart X47B, operating a fleet of drones by the U.S. military and intelligence services (CIA) has reaped criticism, especially from countries that are often the target of the drone operations.
Thousands were killed
The combat drone is more often used in countries not at war with the U.S. instead. Real target is suspected al-Qaeda terrorists and criminals of humanity, but not a few civilians were also victims.
Data from the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, as quoted by the Daily Mail, showing in 11 years in Yemen, 333 people were killed in a U.S. drone attack. A total of 47 casualties were civilians, two of them were children.
It is the data from attacks that have been confirmed are from U.S. drones. This does not include 96 other attacks in Yemen suspected U.S. drone launched, which killed up to 445 people, including 50 civilians and 10 of them children.
In Somalia, the agency noted, in the last six years has been 27 people dying from drone missiles hit. A total of 15 of them were civilians who were near the target.
Pakistan is the country that most often become the target of CIA drone operations. According to data from the bureau, in the last nine years, the U.S. drone death in Pakistan killed 3,533 people. They included 884 civilians and 197 of them are children.
Pakistan People were outraged, including their new prime minister, Nawaz Sharif. "The drone strikes are not only a violation of Pakistan's sovereignty and territorial integrity, but also an action that has been declared as a violation of the law and the UN Charter," said Sharif.
Ironically, the U.S. continued drone strikes into Pakistan's death a few days after President Barack Obama issued new guidelines restricting drone operations in foreign countries.
The more frequent use of drones by the U.S. and the X47B research advances pave the way for the development of killer robots. "In fact, other than the U.S., there are 76 countries that have military robotics program at this time," said Professor Ronald Arkin and Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
This development is a consequence of the more easily people today have access to advanced technology. "Now we can buy a small drone for two hundred dollars. Two years ago, only limited by the military. Situation is not only seen from the eyes of Americans.'s Has become a global concern," Arkin said as quoted by BBC news station.
Pros and cons
Indeed, the killer robot, for some people, it is necessary to avoid the multitude of people become victims of war. That is, the war in the future, no need to send a lot of human soldiers, but quite muster a killer robot.
The advantage, killer robots can execute more detailed objectives, efficient, and not be bothered by non-technical factors such as a sense of revenge, panic, anger, or fear. Robot will not know fatigue.
"Robot, with proper programming and cold calculation, not to be disturbed by passion and emotion," said Sam Roggeveen, security experts from the Lowy Institute, in an interview with Australian radio station ABC.
Professor Arkin also argued similar. According to him armed robots could be programmed comply with international law and ethical war. Said, Arkin, far anyway many civilian casualties from the human army executions. So, he asked many people do not berapriori about armed robot.
"A lot of people were yelling 'Oh, the evil robot. Oh, robot killers'," Arkin said as quoted by BBC news station. "We've got a killer warrior out there. Atrocities continue, and it's been happening since known war," said Arkin.
Thus, he stressed the current need technology that can reduce the number of innocent casualties on the battlefield. "The application of robotic systems that can overcome that problem ethically. During this time we are quite ignorant, both as a nation and the world, to continue to fight," he said.
But Heyns, who became the UN Special Rapporteur, see automatic weapons system more harm than good. Moreover, when the fighting machine able to execute autonomously, then the state decides easier fight.
Another question, whether the killing machine that can be programmed smart comply with international humanitarian law. "Is he able to distinguish an enemy armed with civilians, and victims who do not need," says Heyns. If you can not answer, he asked the world to stop the killing machine Lars.
He also asked the UN Human Rights Council called for a national moratorium on the production, assembly, transfer, acquisition, deployment, and use of pre-existing framework Lars clear in limiting the arms.
Heyns's advice line concerns observers Monash University, Professor Rob Sparrow. He considered that there are no clear rules about how the robot follow the law, for example in the case of friendly fire. One of the target is likely to occur when the robot submit run shot in the conflict zone execution.
"It's hard to judge the robot. They not the party that we can send to jail," said Sparrow who co-founded the International Committee for Robot Arms Control.
Another way is to prosecute officer responsible for deploying the robot killer, even though it was a controversial decision. Commander pengerah robot that may be subject to charges. But, there is another matter, because the execution is done by the robot itself. "So, it seems it's not fair," Sparrow said as quoted by the ABC news Australia.
That day, a South African lawyer, Christof Heyns, chairperson lined up to speak. Heyns is also UN Special Rapporteur on extra-judicial execution problems, unilateral and arbitrary.
But Heyns not mention the particulars of the regime's ruthless soldier who hooked-blooded murder. It expresses is the potential for a vicious killing machine smart, or killer robots. Heyns called Lethal Autonomous Robots (Lars), or lethal autonomous robots.
Intelligent robot that is very dangerous. When activated, she can choose, and launched a direct attack on the target, and no longer need humans role. Indeed, it sounds a bit robotic Happenings dreamily. But the threat, said Heyns, became apparent. This is the first time the UN Human Rights Council meeting to listen to the potential threat of killer robots.
Heyns message in the Human Rights Council session is not to let the world growth "authorized machines killing humans." Heyns proposed UN Human Rights Council seeking a global moratorium on the development and deployment of Lars.
Lars that he do not mean like a drone technology (drones) armed U.S. are often used today, or other long range weapons. Lars smart engine actually has the ability to decide for themselves when attacked, or execute the target.
"Drone that there is still controlled man, who decides when the aircraft carried a deadly weapon. Instead, Lars equipped computer can decide for yourself who is the target," Heyns said in his presentation at the session of the Human Rights Council, which is documented in the UN's official website.
When deployed in a combat zone, Lars will bring a radical change in the philosophy of war. Humanitarian considerations can be will no longer be valid. Whoever they will be destroyed, when it was subjected by Lars.
"War without reflection is a mechanical slaughter," Heyns said. "During the taking of human life should be considered first though as little as possible. Then deployed machines allow decisions to kill human life should be resisted in the entire world," says Heyns.
Heyns, on the one hand, said that given the robot as it does not appear at this time. However, he believes there is a secret Lars manufacturing and robotic systems capable of automated attacks. The weapon was, to some extent, has been used.
Already developed
There are a number of examples of making machines that could be developed into Lars. South Korea, for example, has deployed robots surveillance and security guards.
Samsung Techwin's homemade robots deployed in the demilitarized zone, the buffer zone that separates South Korea with his enemy, North Korea. Since the 1950-1953 Korean War, the two countries are still hostile, and the conflict is only mitigated by the UN-sponsored ceasefire.
Heyns said robots capable of detecting targets via infrared sensor. "They are currently operated by humans, but have 'automatic mode'," Heyns warned.
Not only Korea, a number of states also developed a system of automatic weapons. Israeli Harpy system, for example, is designed to detect and destroy radar emitters. "In addition, the British Taranis prototype drone could find, identify, and track enemy, but can only hit the target if authorized by the command of the mission," said Heyns at the UN Human Rights Council session.
United States had already developed the robotic arms. It looks at the Phalanx weapons systems the U.S. Navy, said Heyns. Phalanx can detect, track, and launched attacks in the form of anti-ship missiles and anti-aircraft.
Even the U.S. Department of Defense was known to continue to develop drone technology, which will be made to be "smarter." Current unmanned aircraft was operated remotely by officers in the control room. His job is lurking, and fired missiles into a particular target.
Christian Enemark, security analysts from the Australian National University, believes the current combat drone will be given the ability to kill a target without the need for authorization from the operator. "Although today's drones are controlled remotely by humans, there are the interests of the U.S. military to develop drone technology so that drones can still fly even at ground controllers lost contact," Enemark said in an interview with Australian radio station ABC.
U.S. Department of Defense (Pentagon) has not denied or confirmed the allegations of Enemark. However, an expert in artificial intelligence and robotics leading from Britain, Noel Sharkey, had seen signs developed drones into the Pentagon killing machine automatically like Lars.
Products developed are X47B. It is the most advanced drones for the U.S. Navy. On 14 May, the first time the weapon was successfully launched from an aircraft carrier. According to NBC news station, the first test took place on the aircraft carrier USS George HW Bush off the coast of Virginia.
X47B is believed to be more sophisticated than other types of drones. "Research Unit at the U.S. Pentagon is developing a supersonic drone X47B-speed, and is able to maneuver with the G-force capability that could not be done by humans. Aircraft can undergo automatic gun battle anywhere on the planet," Sharkey said as quoted by The Observer .
Sharkey believes the development of unmanned combat aircraft like the X47B, killer robot is no longer just science fiction, but it is completely developed
"In America now more commonly held than the drone pilot training pilot a real plane. Which look is young children are very clever playing computer games. Now appears the effort of making a lot of robots, which may only be supervised by one person," said the professor from the University of Sheffield's.
In addition, the difference with the other drones, the X47B can roam alone, without the need for remote control.
According to the Daily Mail, the aircraft was equipped device called the Control Display Unit (CDU), which sends commands to the computer on the plane. The device is capable of using artificial intelligence (AI) to think for themselves, including determining the direction of flight.
Indeed, for the execution of the shooting, or set goals, X47B will still be controlled by a remote operator. But Northrop Grumman-made drone that can navigate themselves prepared with technologies such as GPS, autopilot, and anti-radar.
The X47B sophistication led to many criticisms. The use of AI technology in military weapons systems on the drone feared paved the way for the development of automated robotic killer.
Among U.S. Navy officials dismissed the concerns. He said it was still controlled drone to human intelligence tasks, reconnaissance, and targeting.
Although not yet developed smart X47B, operating a fleet of drones by the U.S. military and intelligence services (CIA) has reaped criticism, especially from countries that are often the target of the drone operations.
Thousands were killed
The combat drone is more often used in countries not at war with the U.S. instead. Real target is suspected al-Qaeda terrorists and criminals of humanity, but not a few civilians were also victims.
Data from the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, as quoted by the Daily Mail, showing in 11 years in Yemen, 333 people were killed in a U.S. drone attack. A total of 47 casualties were civilians, two of them were children.
It is the data from attacks that have been confirmed are from U.S. drones. This does not include 96 other attacks in Yemen suspected U.S. drone launched, which killed up to 445 people, including 50 civilians and 10 of them children.
In Somalia, the agency noted, in the last six years has been 27 people dying from drone missiles hit. A total of 15 of them were civilians who were near the target.
Pakistan is the country that most often become the target of CIA drone operations. According to data from the bureau, in the last nine years, the U.S. drone death in Pakistan killed 3,533 people. They included 884 civilians and 197 of them are children.
Pakistan People were outraged, including their new prime minister, Nawaz Sharif. "The drone strikes are not only a violation of Pakistan's sovereignty and territorial integrity, but also an action that has been declared as a violation of the law and the UN Charter," said Sharif.
Ironically, the U.S. continued drone strikes into Pakistan's death a few days after President Barack Obama issued new guidelines restricting drone operations in foreign countries.
The more frequent use of drones by the U.S. and the X47B research advances pave the way for the development of killer robots. "In fact, other than the U.S., there are 76 countries that have military robotics program at this time," said Professor Ronald Arkin and Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
This development is a consequence of the more easily people today have access to advanced technology. "Now we can buy a small drone for two hundred dollars. Two years ago, only limited by the military. Situation is not only seen from the eyes of Americans.'s Has become a global concern," Arkin said as quoted by BBC news station.
Pros and cons
Indeed, the killer robot, for some people, it is necessary to avoid the multitude of people become victims of war. That is, the war in the future, no need to send a lot of human soldiers, but quite muster a killer robot.
The advantage, killer robots can execute more detailed objectives, efficient, and not be bothered by non-technical factors such as a sense of revenge, panic, anger, or fear. Robot will not know fatigue.
"Robot, with proper programming and cold calculation, not to be disturbed by passion and emotion," said Sam Roggeveen, security experts from the Lowy Institute, in an interview with Australian radio station ABC.
Professor Arkin also argued similar. According to him armed robots could be programmed comply with international law and ethical war. Said, Arkin, far anyway many civilian casualties from the human army executions. So, he asked many people do not berapriori about armed robot.
"A lot of people were yelling 'Oh, the evil robot. Oh, robot killers'," Arkin said as quoted by BBC news station. "We've got a killer warrior out there. Atrocities continue, and it's been happening since known war," said Arkin.
Thus, he stressed the current need technology that can reduce the number of innocent casualties on the battlefield. "The application of robotic systems that can overcome that problem ethically. During this time we are quite ignorant, both as a nation and the world, to continue to fight," he said.
But Heyns, who became the UN Special Rapporteur, see automatic weapons system more harm than good. Moreover, when the fighting machine able to execute autonomously, then the state decides easier fight.
Another question, whether the killing machine that can be programmed smart comply with international humanitarian law. "Is he able to distinguish an enemy armed with civilians, and victims who do not need," says Heyns. If you can not answer, he asked the world to stop the killing machine Lars.
He also asked the UN Human Rights Council called for a national moratorium on the production, assembly, transfer, acquisition, deployment, and use of pre-existing framework Lars clear in limiting the arms.
Heyns's advice line concerns observers Monash University, Professor Rob Sparrow. He considered that there are no clear rules about how the robot follow the law, for example in the case of friendly fire. One of the target is likely to occur when the robot submit run shot in the conflict zone execution.
"It's hard to judge the robot. They not the party that we can send to jail," said Sparrow who co-founded the International Committee for Robot Arms Control.
Another way is to prosecute officer responsible for deploying the robot killer, even though it was a controversial decision. Commander pengerah robot that may be subject to charges. But, there is another matter, because the execution is done by the robot itself. "So, it seems it's not fair," Sparrow said as quoted by the ABC news Australia.
Sources :
http://sorot.news.viva.co.id/news/read/419079-waspada-robot-pembunuh
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